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In chemistry a
nitride is a compound of nitrogen with a less electronegative element where nitrogen has an oxidation state of -3. Note that there are exceptions to this naming convention, the nitrides of hydrogen, NH3 and carbon, (CN)2, are called ammonia and cyanogen respectively and that the nitrides of bromine, iodine are called
nitrogen tribromide and nitrogen triiodide. Note that nitrogen also forms pernitrides, that contain N22− and azides, that contain N3−.
Nitrogen has one of the highest [electronegative, only oxygen, fluorine and chlorine are higher. This means that the nitrides are a very large group of compounds. They have wide range of properties and applications.
*refractory materials e.g.
*lubricant e.g. hexagonal [boron nitride, BN
*cutting materials e.g. [silicon nitride, Si3N4
*insulators e.g. [boron nitride, BN, [silicon nitride, Si3N4
*semiconductors e.g. [gallium nitride, GaN
*metal coatings e.g. [titanium nitride, TiN
*hydrogen storage e.g [Lithium nitride, Li3N
Classification of such a varied group of compounds is necessarily arbitrary. The following is based around their structure:
*salt like, e.g. [lithium nitride, Li3N, [beryllium nitride, Be3N2
*covalent
**3 dimensional structures e.g. phosphorus nitride, P3N5; [boron nitride, BN
**diamond like e.g. [gallium nitride, GaN
**molecular ("volatile") e.g. [tetrasulfur tetranitride, S4N4
*interstitial e.g. [titanium nitride, TiN
*intermediate e.g. iron nitride, Fe2N
===Nitride ion===
The '''nitride''' [ion is N3− (a nitrogen atom plus three electrons). The extra electrons give the nitrogen atom a closed inert gas shell. The nitride ion is [isoelectronic with the [oxide anion, O2−, and the [fluoride anion, F− and has an ionic radius estimated to be 140 pm. The nitride ion is a strong π-donor ligand, stronger than O2−. It forms nitrido complexes which have a short metal nitrogen bond length indicating multiple bonding.
Salt like nitrides
The salt like nitrides are formed by:
- the alkali metals, Lithium nitride, Na3N and K3N. Li3N is readily formed and has a unique structure. Na3N Synthesis and structure of Na3N, Fischer, D., Jansen, M. Angew Chem Intnl 41, 10, 1755 (2002) DOI:10.1002/1521-3773(20020517)41:103.0.CO;2-C and K3N Synthesis and structure of K3N, Fischer, D.; Cancarevic, Z.; Schön, J. C.; Jansen, M. Z. fur anorg allgem Chemie, 630, 1, 156, DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200300280 have been synthesised by simultaneously depositing metal atoms and nitrogen atoms onto a liquid nitrogen cooled sapphire substrate. Both are unstable compounds.
Lithium nitride and the alkaline earth nitrides deprotonate hydrogen gas, and are rapidly hydrolysed by water to form ammonia.
Covalent nitrides
3 dimensional structuresThese include, boron nitride silicon and phosphorus.
Diamond like nitridesThe diamond like nitrides of
aluminium nitride,
gallium nitride and indium nitride all have the
wurtzite structure in which each atom occupies tetrahedral sites. For example in aluminium nitride, each aluminium atom has four neighbouring nitrogen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron and similarly each nitrogen atom has four neighbouring aluminium atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron. This structure is like hexagonal diamond (Lonsdaleite) where every carbon atom occupies a tetrahedral site (however wurzite differs from sphalerite and
diamond in the relative orientation of tetrahedra) Note that thallium(III) nitride, TlN is not known, whereas thallium(I) nitride, Tl3N is.
MolecularThese include cyanogen, (CN)2 and S2N2 and tetrasulfur tetranitride, S4N4. (Note that sulfur forms another nitride which is polymeric, tetrasulfur tetranitride, this is a metallic conductor and has been called a one-dimensional metal.)
Interstitial nitrides
The interstitial nitrides are formed by transition metals where there is a sufficient difference in size between the metal atom and the nitrogen to allow the host metal lattice to accommodate the nitrogen atom. This condition is true for the group 4 element,
group 5 element and
group 6 element transition metals i.e. the Titanium, Vanadium and Chromium groups. The group 4 and 5 nitrides are refractory i.e. high melting and chemically stable.
Intermediate nitrides
group 7 element and
group 8 element transition metals form nitrides that decompose readily e.g iron nitride, Fe2N melts with decomposition at 200oC. The precious metals are currently being investigated by a number of researchers and thin films of platinum, gold and osmium nitrides have been produced. However there is some discussion as to their structures and their properties. Platinum nitride and osmium nitride for example are now believed to contain N2 units and as such should not be called nitrides.
Gold film with gold nitride-A conductor but harder than gold, L. Siller, N. Peltekis, S. Krishnamurthy, Y. Chao, S.J. Bull, M.R.C. Hunt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 22, 221912, (2005) DOI: 10.1063/1.1941471
OsN2: Crystal structure and electronic properties, J. A. Montoya, A.D Hernandez, C. Sanloup, E Gregoryanz, S Scandolo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 1, 011909 (2007) DOI: 10.1063/1.2430631
General references
- WebElements
- H.O Pierson (1996). Handbook of refractory carbides and nitrides, William Andrew Inc. ISBN 0-8155-1392-5
Footnotes
In chemistry a
nitride is a compound of
nitrogen with a less
electronegative element where nitrogen has an
oxidation state of -3. Note that there are exceptions to this naming convention, the nitrides of hydrogen, NH3 and carbon, (CN)2, are called ammonia and cyanogen respectively and that the nitrides of bromine, iodine are called nitrogen tribromide and
nitrogen triiodide. Note that nitrogen also forms pernitrides, that contain N22− and azides, that contain N3−.
Nitrogen has one of the highest [electronegative, only oxygen, fluorine and chlorine are higher. This means that the nitrides are a very large group of compounds. They have wide range of properties and applications.
*refractory materials e.g.
*lubricant e.g. hexagonal [boron nitride, BN
*cutting materials e.g. [silicon nitride, Si3N4
*insulators e.g. [boron nitride, BN, [silicon nitride, Si3N4
*semiconductors e.g. [gallium nitride, GaN
*metal coatings e.g. [titanium nitride, TiN
*hydrogen storage e.g [Lithium nitride, Li3N
Classification of such a varied group of compounds is necessarily arbitrary. The following is based around their structure:
*salt like, e.g. [lithium nitride, Li3N, [beryllium nitride, Be3N2
*covalent
**3 dimensional structures e.g. phosphorus nitride, P3N5; [boron nitride, BN
**diamond like e.g. [gallium nitride, GaN
**molecular ("volatile") e.g. [tetrasulfur tetranitride, S4N4
*interstitial e.g. [titanium nitride, TiN
*intermediate e.g. iron nitride, Fe2N
===Nitride ion===
The '''nitride''' [ion is N3− (a nitrogen atom plus three electrons). The extra electrons give the nitrogen atom a closed inert gas shell. The nitride ion is [isoelectronic with the [oxide anion, O2−, and the [fluoride anion, F− and has an ionic radius estimated to be 140 pm. The nitride ion is a strong π-donor ligand, stronger than O2−. It forms nitrido complexes which have a short metal nitrogen bond length indicating multiple bonding.
Salt like nitrides
The salt like nitrides are formed by:
- the alkali metals, Lithium nitride, Na3N and K3N. Li3N is readily formed and has a unique structure. Na3N Synthesis and structure of Na3N, Fischer, D., Jansen, M. Angew Chem Intnl 41, 10, 1755 (2002) DOI:10.1002/1521-3773(20020517)41:103.0.CO;2-C and K3N Synthesis and structure of K3N, Fischer, D.; Cancarevic, Z.; Schön, J. C.; Jansen, M. Z. fur anorg allgem Chemie, 630, 1, 156, DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200300280 have been synthesised by simultaneously depositing metal atoms and nitrogen atoms onto a liquid nitrogen cooled sapphire substrate. Both are unstable compounds.
Lithium nitride and the alkaline earth nitrides deprotonate hydrogen gas, and are rapidly hydrolysed by water to form ammonia.
Covalent nitrides
3 dimensional structuresThese include, boron nitride silicon and phosphorus.
Diamond like nitridesThe diamond like nitrides of
aluminium nitride,
gallium nitride and
indium nitride all have the
wurtzite structure in which each atom occupies tetrahedral sites. For example in aluminium nitride, each aluminium atom has four neighbouring nitrogen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron and similarly each nitrogen atom has four neighbouring aluminium atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron. This structure is like hexagonal diamond (Lonsdaleite) where every carbon atom occupies a tetrahedral site (however wurzite differs from
sphalerite and
diamond in the relative orientation of tetrahedra) Note that thallium(III) nitride, TlN is not known, whereas thallium(I) nitride, Tl3N is.
MolecularThese include cyanogen, (CN)2 and S2N2 and tetrasulfur tetranitride, S4N4. (Note that sulfur forms another nitride which is polymeric,
tetrasulfur tetranitride, this is a metallic conductor and has been called a one-dimensional metal.)
Interstitial nitrides
The interstitial nitrides are formed by transition metals where there is a sufficient difference in size between the metal atom and the nitrogen to allow the host metal lattice to accommodate the nitrogen atom. This condition is true for the group 4 element, group 5 element and
group 6 element transition metals i.e. the Titanium, Vanadium and Chromium groups. The group 4 and 5 nitrides are
refractory i.e. high melting and chemically stable.
Intermediate nitrides
group 7 element and
group 8 element transition metals form nitrides that decompose readily e.g iron nitride, Fe2N melts with decomposition at 200oC. The precious metals are currently being investigated by a number of researchers and thin films of platinum, gold and osmium nitrides have been produced. However there is some discussion as to their structures and their properties. Platinum nitride and osmium nitride for example are now believed to contain N2 units and as such should not be called nitrides.
Gold film with gold nitride-A conductor but harder than gold, L. Siller, N. Peltekis, S. Krishnamurthy, Y. Chao, S.J. Bull, M.R.C. Hunt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 22, 221912, (2005) DOI: 10.1063/1.1941471
OsN2: Crystal structure and electronic properties, J. A. Montoya, A.D Hernandez, C. Sanloup, E Gregoryanz, S Scandolo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 1, 011909 (2007) DOI: 10.1063/1.2430631
General references
- WebElements
- H.O Pierson (1996). Handbook of refractory carbides and nitrides, William Andrew Inc. ISBN 0-8155-1392-5
Footnotes
Nitride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In chemistry a nitride is a compound of nitrogen with a less electronegative element where nitrogen has an oxidation state of -3. Note that there are exceptions to this naming ...
Dynamic Ceramic – Silicon nitride Engineering Ceramics SiN - RBSN
Dynamic Ceramic a UK based manufacturer and supplier of Ceramic Components. The UK's leading specialist producer of zirconia and alumina
The Cambridge Centre for Gallium Nitride (GaN)
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom. Tel: 01223 334458 (Intl: +441223 334458)
Definition: nitride from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
Magnesium nitride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Magnesium nitride, Mg 3 N 2, is an inorganic compound of magnesium and nitrogen. At room temperature and pressure it is a greenish yellow powder. It reacts with water to produce ...
gallium nitride definition of gallium nitride in the Free Online ...
An alloy of gallium and nitrogen (GaN) that is used in semiconductor devices for lasers and LEDs, including blue lasers. Gallium nitride has the thermal and chemical stability ...
Boron Nitride
Boron nitride machinable ceramic, raw material, powder and finished components for use in thin film and vacuum processes
silicon nitride definition of silicon nitride in the Free Online ...
Si 3 N 4) A silicon compound capable of holding a static electric charge and used as a gate element on some MOS transistors.
Aluminium Nitride from Ceramic Substrates and Components Ltd
Ceramic Substrates and Components Ltd are manufacturers of an extensive range of technical ceramic components for research, industry, motor and aerospace applications
III-NITRIDE SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
III-NITRIDE SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS ... III-NITRIDE SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS edited by Zhe Chuan Feng (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)
